![]() ![]() Some more efficacy can be observed in lower-grade gliomas such as oligodendroglioma ( 5), but serious side effects such as cumulative lymphopenia and consequent high incidence of infections occur after prolonged treatments ( 6). Alkylating agent-based chemotherapy has been shown to modestly increase response rates and survival times of high-grade glioma patients when used as an adjuvant to surgery and radiation ( 3, 4). Despite advances in surgery and radiotherapy, the prognosis for malignant gliomas remains poor, the median survival of GBM patients being 5 to 8 months, depending on the patient's age ( 2). Not only do glioma patients have to cope with the diagnosis of incurable disease, they and their families are usually also confronted with the patient's decrease in cognitive and emotional function as a result of cerebral disease. Nevertheless these cancers have serious effects on the health-care system in general, and especially on patients and their families. Compared with lung and breast cancer, which have rates of about 60 per 100,000 in Western countries, the rate of gliomas is ∼ tenfold lower. High-grade astrocytomas are called anaplastic astrocytomas (grade III) and multiform glioblastomas. ![]() Among gliomas, there are astrocytomas, which derive from star-shaped astrocyte-like cells. Gliomas are the most common form of primary brain tumors. Primary brain tumors can be classified in terms of what type of cell the tumor began as (reviewed in refs. ![]()
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